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Description: The **Irish War of Independence** (1919–1921) was a guerrilla and sectarian conflict between **Irish republicans** (IRA), **Ulster loyalists**, and **British forces**, culminating in the **July 1921 truce** and the landmark **Anglo-Irish Treaty** (December 1921). This treaty granted Ireland dominion status with full control over domestic affairs and de facto foreign policy autonomy, while a contentious **opt-out clause** allowed **Northern Ireland** to remain part of the UK—a decision it enacted immediately, formalizing the island’s partition. The treaty began Ireland’s gradual separation from British rule, though the **Republic of Ireland** wasn’t officially declared until **1949**, ending its Commonwealth ties.
